Razones para la no práctica física y deportiva en adolescentes de la Región de Araucanía, Chile / Reasons for the absence of physical and sports practice in adolescents in the region of Araucanía, Chile

Resumen La actividad física (AF) es importante para generar estilos de vida saludables. No obstante, se desconoce los motivos por los cuales las personas no mantienen hábitos saludables de AF. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los motivos para la no práctica de actividades físico-deportivas (AFD) en estudiantes entre los 11 y 19 años, en la región de Araucanía, Chile. A un total de 175 participantes se les aplicó el Cuestionario para el Análisis de Motivación y la Práctica de la Actividad Físico-Deportiva. De 57 estudiantes que no practican AFD, 35 individuos señalan que dejaron la práctica de actividad física por falta de tiempo y el segundo motivo es la falta de interés. En cuanto a los estudiantes que nunca han participado de AFD, 22 de ellos mencionan como principal motivo hacerlo es que no se les da bien el deporte y manifiestan pereza y desgano. En conclusión, se hace muy necesario, tanto para profesores como para monitores o profesionales dedicados al área de la AF y la salud, entender a los procesos donde los adolescentes se encuentran, para hacer uso de sus motivaciones e incentivar la práctica de AFD, puesto que los adolescentes han cambiado drásticamente sus intereses y esas lógicas favorecen el alejamiento de las prácticas de AF.

Abstract ABSTRACT Physical activity (PA) is important to generate healthy lifestyles. However, the reasons why people do not maintain healthy PA habits are unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the reasons why students ages 11 to 19 in the Araucanía region, Chile do not practice physical-sports activities (PSA). A total of 175 participants answered a Questionnaire for the Analysis of Motivation and the Practice of Physical-Sports Activity. Out of the 57 students who do not practice PSA, 35 indicated that they stopped practicing physical activity firstly because of lack of time and secondly because of lack of interest. Regarding students who have never participated in PSA, 22 mentioned that the main reason for not practicing physical activity is that they do not like sports and show laziness and reluctance. In conclusion, teachers, monitors, or PA and health professionals must understand the processes faced by adolescents to use the adequate motivation and encourage AFD practice since adolescents' interests have changed drastically, distancing themselves from PA practices.

Resumo A atividade física (AF) é importante para gerar estilos de vida saudáveis. Não obstante, são desconhecidos os motivos que levam as pessoas a não manterem hábitos saudáveis de AF. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as razões para a falta de prática de atividades físico-esportivas (AFE) em estudantes na faixa etária de 11 a 19 anos, na região de Araucânia, Chile. Foi aplicado o Questionário para a Análise de Motivação e a Prática de Atividades Físico-Esportiva em 175 participantes, no total. De 57 estudantes que não praticam AFE, 35 indivíduos indicam que deixaram a prática de atividade física por falta de tempo e o segundo motivo é a falta de interesse. Com relação aos estudantes que nunca participaram de AFE, 22 deles mencionam como principal motivo o fato de que não se consideram bons nos esportes, manifestando tédio e desânimo. Como conclusão, é necessário, tanto para professores quanto para monitores ou profissionais dedicados à área da AF e da saúde, entender os processos em que os adolescentes estão para fazer uso de suas motivações e incentivá-los à prática de AFE, dado que eles têm mudado drasticamente seus interesses, e essas lógicas favorecem o afastamento das práticas de AF.

During the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic, does wearing a mask improve or worsen physical performance? / Durante a pandemia de coronavírus (covid 19), o uso de máscara melhora ou piora o desempenho físico? / ¿durante la pandemia de coronavirus (covid 19) el uso de la máscara mejora o empeora el desempeño físico?

ABSTRACT A mask is a simple device yet it provides high levels of protection. As the virus affects mainly the respiratory tract - the nose, mouth, and lungs - it is highly contagious when people sneeze or cough, or exchange respiratory droplets with other people. This exchange is also promoted when a person is performing physical exercise. Although a mask provides some protection, it does not eliminate the need for social distancing. Around 25% of people infected with the new coronavirus may show no symptoms, yet still transmit the virus. One of the main problems with wearing a mask is that it hinders breathing, with the mask gradually becoming damp, increasing its resistance to air intake. Wearing a mask while performing physical activity requires a period of adaptation, as the flow of air to the lungs is reduced, requiring a reduction in the normal rhythm until the wearer has managed to adapt to it. Vigorous and intense exercise can cause inflammatory activity to increase, and should be minimized in order to protect the immune system. Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody protein used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens, including viruses, and decreases with intense exercise. Exercise is considered intense when it is necessary to breathe through the mouth to eliminate the higher concentrations of CO2, but mouth breathing is associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Preference should be given to light to moderate exercise, around three times a week. Wearing a mask, and training in nasal breathing are the best and safest ways to reduce the entry of particles, and should be encouraged during this COVID-19 pandemic. Level of evidence V; Opinion of the specialist.

RESUMO A máscara é um dispositivo simples, mas oferece altos níveis de proteção. Como o vírus afeta principalmente o trato respiratório - nariz, boca e pulmões - é altamente contagioso quando as pessoas espirram, tossem ou trocam gotículas respiratórias com outras pessoas. Essa troca também é promovida quando a pessoa está realizando exercícios físicos. Embora a máscara forneça alguma proteção, ela não elimina a necessidade de distanciamento social. Cerca de 25% das pessoas infectadas com o novo coronavírus podem não apresentar sintomas, mas mesmo assim, transmitem o vírus. Um dos principais problemas do uso de máscara é que ela dificulta a respiração, pois gradualmente fica úmida e aumenta a resistência à entrada de ar. É necessário um período de adaptação para a atividade física com máscara, pois o fluxo de ar para os pulmões é reduzido, exigindo a diminuição do ritmo normal até que a adaptação ocorra. Exercícios vigorosos e intensos podem aumentam a atividade inflamatória e devem ser minimizados para proteger o sistema imunológico. A imunoglobulina secretora A (IgA) é uma proteína anticorpo usada pelo sistema imunológico para neutralizar patógenos, incluindo vírus, e diminui com exercícios intensos. O exercício é considerado intenso quando é necessário respirar pela boca para eliminar a maior concentração de CO2, mas a respiração bucal está associada a infecções do trato respiratório superior. A preferência deve ser pelos exercícios leves a moderados, realizados cerca de três vezes por semana. Usar a máscara e treinar a respiração nasal são os modos melhores e mais seguros de reduzir a entrada de partículas e precisam ser incentivados durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Nível de evidência V; Opinião do especialista.

RESUMEN La máscara es un dispositivo simple, pero ofrece altos niveles de protección. Debido a que el virus afecta principalmente el tracto respiratorio (nariz, boca y pulmones) es muy contagioso cuando las personas estornudan, tosen o intercambian gotitas respiratorias con otros. Aunque la máscara proporciona cierta protección, no elimina la necesidad del distanciamiento social. Alrededor del 25% de las personas infectadas con el nuevo coronavirus pueden no tener síntomas, pero aun así transmiten el virus. Uno de los principales problemas de la máscara es que dificulta la respiración, ya que gradualmente se humedece y aumenta la resistencia a la entrada del aire. Es necesario un período de adaptación para la actividad física con una máscara, ya que reduce el flujo de aire a los pulmones, lo que requiere una disminución del ritmo normal hasta que se produzca la adaptación. El ejercicio vigoroso e intenso puede aumentar la actividad inflamatoria y debe minimizarse para proteger el sistema inmunitario. La inmunoglobulina secretora A (IgA) es una proteína anticuerpo utilizada por el sistema inmunitario para neutralizar los patógenos, incluidos los virus, y disminuye con el ejercicio intenso. El ejercicio se considera intenso cuando es necesario respirar por la boca debido la mayor concentración de CO2, pero la respiración bucal se asocia con infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior. La preferencia debe ser para la realización de ejercicios leves a moderados aproximadamente tres veces por semana. Usar la máscara y entrenar la respiración nasal es mejor y más seguro para reducir la entrada de partículas y deben estimularse durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Nivel de evidencia V; Opinión de expertos.

Efeito da atividade esportiva sistematizada sobre o desenvolvimento motor de crianças de sete a 10 anos / The effect of systematic sports activities on the motor development of children from seven to 10 years

Atividades físicas programadas na infância são reconhecidas por ocasionar mudanças nos diversos aspectos do desenvolvimento das crianças. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou verificar o impacto da atividade esportiva programada de ballet clássico e de futsal sobre indicadores de motricidade global e de equilíbrio em crianças. A amostra foi composta por 160 crianças entre sete e 10 anos de idade. Oitenta crianças de ambos os sexos foram selecionadas no ambiente escolar e compuseram os grupos de escolares, caracterizado pela prática exclusiva de Educação Física escolar. Os grupos vinculados à prática esportiva foram compostos por 40 crianças do sexo feminino, praticantes de "ballet" clássico e 40 do sexo masculino, praticantes de futsal, caracterizando os grupos de prática sistematizada. Para a avaliação motora foram aplicados os testes de motricidade global e equilíbrio da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor "EDM". Além disso, o questionário de atividade física habitual foi utilizado para calcular o gasto energético. A distribuição dos dados foi verificada através do teste Shapiro-Wilk, e em seguida foram aplicados os testes não-paramétricos Kruskall-Wallis com post hoc U de Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon e Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados significantes foram encontrados entre os grupos de prática sistematizada com índices classificados como superiores e percentuais maiores em Idade Motora em Motricidade Global (IMMG) e Idade Motora em Equilíbrio (IME) do que idade cronológica (IC). Conclui-se que as crianças praticantes de atividades esportivas demonstraram superioridade nos testes aplicados quando comparados ao grupo controle, em que mais de 65% apresentam classificação normal.

It is recognized that systematic physical activities cause changes in many aspects of children's development. Thus, the present study aimed to verify the impact of programmed sports activities, classical ballet and futsal, on indicators of global motor function and balance in children. The sample consisted of 160 children between 7 and 10 years of age. Eighty school children of both sexes were selected, characterized by the exclusive practice of school Physical Education. The programmed sports groups were composed of 40 female children, classical ballet practitioners, and 40 males who participated in futsal, characterizing the systematized practice group. The Motor Development Scale MDS was applied to assess global motor function and balance. In addition, the habitual physical activity questionnaire was used to calculate energy expenditure. Data distribution was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk's test and then were applied non-parametric tests of the Kruskall-Wallis test with post hoc Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon and Chi-Square Pearson tests. The significance level was set at 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Significant results were found in the systematized practice groups, with indices classified as superior and higher percentage for Motor Age of Global Motricity (MAGM) and Motor Age of Balance (MAB), when compared to chronological age (CA). In conclusion the children who practiced programmed sports activities demonstrated superiority in the tests when compared to the control group, where more than 65% were classified as normal.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida en pacientes hemofílicos de Curicó, Región del Maule / Evaluation of quality of life in haemophilia patients from Curicó, Region del Maule

Despite the improvements in medical treatment over recent decades, hemophilia patients experience deterioration in their quality of life. This study provides a demographic and clinical characterization of hemophilia patients and how this affects their quality of life. This is based on a descriptive cross-sectional study on quality of life of 20patients with hemophilia from the Province of Curicó, Maule Region. The following antecedents were obtained from each patient: age, weight, height, severity of hemophilia, presence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus and Chagas disease. To measure the quality of life the Short Form-36 survey was applied to each one of the patients. The average age was 35+/-16 years old and body mass index was 25+/-4 kg/m2. Regarding the severity level of the disease, in 55 percent of the patient it was found mild. More over, 25 percent of patients had hepatitis C. The most co-morbidity was for articular lesions. Quality of life is affected mainly by lack of sport and also due to the severity level of disease. The current challenge is to provide comprehensive care, both for patients and their families, where the main goal aims at restoring the sense of wellbeing, their right to be perceived as a person with capacity to develop.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Active Persons with Spinal Cord Injury / 体力科学

This study aims at identifying how sports activity status, level of residual function, and independence in activities of daily living (ADL) affect the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of persons with spinal cord injury (PSCI) who regularly participate in sports activities. Eighty-one male PSCI (21 persons with tetraplegia and 60 persons with paraplegia) who regularly participated in sports activities (wheelchair basketball or wheelchair twin basketball) were included in the present study. They were evaluated in terms of their characteristics, sports activity status, independence in ADL (Spinal Cord Independence Measure [SCIM]), and HRQOL (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 [SF-36]). The age was a significant explanatory variable for physical functioning, role physical, and physical component summary (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the level of residual function was a significant explanatory variable for general health, vitality, mental health, and mental component summary (P < 0.05). The physical aspects of HRQOL of PSCI who regularly participate in sports activities were mainly affected by age, whereas the mental aspects were affected by the level of residual function.

Analizan los factores asociados con trastornos alimentarios en la adolescencia / Factors associated with eating disorders in adolescence

New data are presented on the relationship between eating disorders in adolescence and physical self-concept. The degree to which age, engagement in sports activities, and body mass index present a risk in the development of eating disorders is analyzed. The study population was comprised of 740 adolescents (366 males and 374 females) between the ages of 12 and 18 years. Study subjects answered questions on the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI); the Physical Self-Concept Inventory (PSCI); and questions about sports activity habits, weight and height. Very significant differences are noted on EDI scores between groups of adolescents with low, medium, or high esteem concerning physical self-concept. Female adolescents, in general, are at higher risk of developing eating disorders than their male adolescent counterparts. This general finding is notable when considering age (12-14 years of age versus 15-18 years of age), physical activity (sporadic or habitual) and body mass index (low weight, normal weight, overweight)

En este trabajo se presentan nuevos datos sobre la asociación de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en la adolescencia mcon el autoconcepto físico; se analiza, asimismo, hasta qué punto la variable sexo interactúa con las de edad, práctica deportiva e índice de masa corporal con respecto al riesgo de padecer trastornos de la alimentación. Participaron en el estudio 740 adolescentes (366 hombres y 374 mujeres), de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años, que respondieron al Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), al Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF), así como a una batería de preguntas acerca de sus hábitos deportivos, su peso y su altura. Resultan muy significativas las diferencias de puntuación en el EDI en función de la pertenencia al grupo de adolescentes con autoconcepto físico bajo, medio o alto. De otro lado, la población femenina adolescente muestra, en general, mayor riesgo que la masculina de padecer trastornos alimentarios; ahora bien, esta afirmación general exige notables precisiones cuando se toma en consideración la edad (12-14 vs. 15-18 años), la actividad física (esporádica o habitual) y el índice de masa corporal (bajo peso, peso normal, sobrepeso)

Sports Activity After Primary TKR

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review sports activities, and try to figure out recommendable sports activities and a guideline of activity level after successful primary total knee replacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sports activities after TKR in 312 patients with osteoarthritis were reviewed prospectively. Minimum follow-up period was 3 years (range 3-12 years, mean 51 month). Clinical and radiological results were evaluated using Knee Society Knee score, activity level and radiolucent lines. RESULTS: Based on the clinical and radiological evaluation, there were no significant difference between the groups participated in sports and not participated in sports after successful primary TKR. Long distance walking, cycling, aerobics were popular among all age groups. CONCLUSION: Low-impact sports such as long distance walking, aerobics, cycling, bowling, golfing, hiking, swimming, badminton, gateball should be recommended for the all age groups after successful primary TKR.

Effects of Sports Activity in Spinal Cord Injured Persons

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of regular sports activity on psychosocial adaptation, natural killer cell activity (NKCA) as an immunologic measure and HDL-cholesterol level as an indirect index of heart disease in chronic spinal cord injured persons. METHOD: We compared two groups. One is sports group (n=13) who has been doing regular sports activity more than three hours a week for at least one year. Another group who leads sedentary life matched age and body mass index served as a control group (n=13). For the evaluation of psychosocial adaptation, we assessed Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale as subjective measure, Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART) as objective measure and Symptom Checklist 90 Revision (SCL-90-R) as a psychologic evaluation. NKCA and serum HDL-cholesterol level were assessed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in subjective measure and psychologic evaluation between two groups. CHART score and NKCA are significantly higher in the sports group than in the control group (p<0.05). HDL cholesterol level was increased in the sports group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Participating in regular sports activity improved the psychosocial adaptation and immune system in chronic spinal cord injured persons.